Wednesday, April 17, 2013

Dr. Thimme Reflection


During our Skype conversation with Dr. Thimme, he gave us a clearer understanding of Hepatitis C and its treatment. Hepatitis C is a cytolytic virus transmitted through contact with blood. Therefore, it can be common amongst heroin addicts and people given a tainted blood transfusion before the introduction of blood screenings. Four million people in the US have Hepatitis C, yet many do not realize it. It was discovered in 1989 by Michael Halten. This discovery led to the use of blood screening in order to identify potentially harmful discrepancies. In some third world countries, blood screenings are inaccessible due to their relatively high cost. In Egypt, specifically, ten percent of the population is infected with virus. In some regions of Egypt, entire villages are infected due to previous use of a single syringe to vaccinate the whole village. 

The symptoms of Hepatitis C are inflammation of the liver and the formation of scar tissue on the liver (liver cytosis). Unfortunately, liver cytosis can lead to liver cancer. In the world, the average age of diagnosis is 20 years old. However, in Germany, the average age of diagnosis is 40-50 years old with the discovery of liver cytosis. Eighty percent of all Hepatitis C patients do not have complications. The other twenty percent develop liver cytosis. Research has shown that young, pregnant women with Hepatitis C are at a lower risk for developing liver cytosis. 

The virus has been treated using HCV therapy. Primarily, interferon has been prescribed as a remedy. The downside to interferon therapy is that it has flu-like symptoms among other equally undesirable side effects. There are some problems with the current treatment. First, only thirty percent of patients are able to clear the virus. Second, failure of the killer cells is widespread. Three current goals for scientists are: to identify and prevent the cause of killer cell dysfunction, to develop IPN free therapy and to keep symptoms from returning.

Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Ludovic Orlando and Revising the Recent Evolutionary History of Equids using Ancient DNA

Ludovic Orlando
Ludovic Orlando
For my letter to a biologist, I have chosen to write to Ludovic Antoine Alexandre Orlando. He is a research lecturer at the Natural History Museum of Denmark's Centre for GeoGenetics, located in Copenhagen. He also supervises a team that is developing bioinformatic tools to study biogeographical ancestry. The research paper that I chose is titled "Revising the Recent Evolutionary History of Equids using Ancient DNA". It has about twenty authors, so I chose the first listed since that is usually the team leader.

The research paper describes the process of using phylogenetic analysis to gain insight to the reasoning behind unexpected evolutionary patterns that have been discovered in ancient equids. The team studied 35 ancient specimens from South America, Southwest Asia, South Africa and Europe. Their discoveries revealed the need for major revisions to many taxonomic levels surrounding the evolution of Equus. Not only that, but the researchers also discovered two new species of equids and revised the extinction times for others.

I have a couple of questions for Mr. Orlando. For one, it would be interesting to learn more about the process of discovering a new species. Also, I'd like to ask what countries and fields the other researchers worked and lived in. I'm curious to know what it is like to work with people from all over the world and would also like to know what language that they communicated in. They used mitochondrial sequences to come to a lot of these conclusions and I'd be interested in knowing a little bit more about how that is conducted. Finally, I will ask him a little bit more about himself. I'd like to know how he became interested in this field of study and what colleges/universities he attended.

Stay tuned for more on Ludovic and his adventures!